The receptors for gustation are located in the oral cavity, which introduces food and fluids into the gastrointestinal tract. Oral taste buds work in concert with oral thermal and tactile receptors to evaluate these substances. As with many external stimuli, humans can describe both the quality and intensity of sapid chemicals with considerable accuracy. Similarly, they can also describe tastes in affective terms, as pleasant or aversive. Thus, on a number of dimensions, the oral gustatory system spans the exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory domains (Sherrington, 1906). The focus of this chapter is on the organization of the oral gustatory system in the rodent brain, following mainly its primary discriminative component. More detailed accounts of other aspects of taste, including its hedonic and motivational aspects, neural coding and its central organization in other species, are available in both books and review articles (Cagan, 1989; Finger et al., 2000; Getchell et al., 1991; Simon and Roper, 1993), as are a variety of different perspectives, including also the presence of taste receptors in other tissues along the gastrointestinal tract (Carleton et al., 2010; de Araujo, 2016; Fernstrom et al., 2012; Frank et al., 2008; Gilbertson et al., 2000; Hettinger and Frank, 1992; Lundy, 2008; Norgren, 1984, 1985, 1990; Norgren et al., 1989; Scott, 1992; Smith and Margolskee, 2001; Spector and Travers, 2005; Yoshida and Ninomiya, 2010).