The advancement of brain science research heavily relies on technological innovations. New technologies that enable real-time monitoring and precise manipulation of neural activities are anticipated to ultimately unravel the function and structure of neural circuits at the whole-brain scale. Thanks to the unique properties of nanosensors, they hold great promise in both monitoring and modulating neural activities in unprecedented ways. By taking advantages of nanotechnology, we aim to develop innovative techniques for monitoring neural activities, modulating neural activities, and precise diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases, respectively. Deep collaborations between material scientists and neuroscientists are anticipated to make significant breakthroughs in NanoNeuro.